Found in Translation - 756 Words

Case Study 4 Found in Translation XXXXXXXXX Principles of Management, EMG 3301 Professor Halams October 9, 2011 Closing Case: Found in Translation: How to Make the Multicultural Workforce Work 1 What role does the basic communication process in Figure 11.1 play in this case? Explain. The basic communication process is vital from the Figure 11.1 in this case. The definition of communication is â€Å"the interpersonal transfer of information and understand† as stated on page 300. This is monumental for the CEO Glynn Lloyd to do with 70 percent of his 65 employees being from different places like Trinidad, Brazil, Nigeria, the Dominican Republic, and Cage Verde (p. 326). He has†¦show more content†¦How comfortable would you be managing this type of multicultural organization? Explain. For me, I would not be comfortable with managing this type of multicultural organization. There are too many different languages and cultures to try to learn. I’m a person that requires immediate feedback, I would lose patients with getting a translator to encode, decode to the employees and wait to see if they understand what I need from them. I know that the future according to this case that â€Å"immigrants will account for nearly two-thirds of the country’s population growth between now and 2050† (p. 236), so in Closing Case: Found in Translation: How to Make the Multicultural Workforce Work 3 order for me to relevant and be active in my community I better find a way to adapt and learn other languages and understand different cultures. Closing Case: Found in Translation: How to Make the Multicultural Workforce Work 4 References Kreitner, R. (2009). International Management and Cross-Cultural competence. (11th ed.). Management. Mason, Ohio: South-Western CengageShow MoreRelatedHenrik Philips And William Carlos Williams1471 Words   |  6 Pages In the process of coming up with a final translation of Sappho’s Fragment 31, I wanted to strike a balance between remaining true to a literal translation of the poem, and my own poetic preferences. After completing what I thought to be a final translation, I decided I wanted to make it a sonnet, so what I ended up with is above. Turning this piece into a sonnet was one of my own stylistic choices that I worked very hard to incorporate, and was one of the many ideas and concepts that I juggled withRead MoreWhy Professional Revision Is Carried Out1494 Words   |  6 PagesSince there are very few empirical studies that deal with professional revision of translations, Rasmussen and Schjoldager initiated an empirical study in order to learn more about how an d why professional revision is carried out. The data are collected through a questionnaire survey and supplemented with an interview survey. A total of 24 Danish translation companies participated in the questionnaire survey from which five were later interviewed along with other eight in-house employees who reviseRead MoreWriting An Article On Wikipedia Essay956 Words   |  4 Pagesone can found on Wikipedia are in between conciseness and an exhaustive definition. For this essay I had to choose one Wikipedia page that was linked to what we studied in the past five weeks. I have decided to work on Roman Jakobson s page. There are several reasons why I opt for his page. First of all when we talked about him and theories in class, I thought I understood them. But it was not the case. So I decided to do some research about his work to try and master his theories. I found them reallyRead MoreA Quantitative Style Analysis About Different English Translations Of The Captains Daughter By Alexander Pushkin1176 Words   |  5 PagesProposal A Quantitative Style Analysis about Different English Translations of the Captain’s Daughter by Alexander Pushkin Data Set The data set includes three English translations of The Captain’s Daughter (Alexander Pushkin, 1836) from Ekaterina Telfer, T. Keane and Milne Home respectively. The translation of Milne Home is downloaded from Gutenberg which is an open access project that offers free eBooks to public. The other translations are from Wikisource which serves as an online digital libraryRead MoreCommentary On Linguistic Aspects Of Translation Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesRoman Jakobson, in a seminal paper On Linguistic Aspects of Translation, classifies translation into three kinds. The first is intralingual translation (close to trot) which â€Å"is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language;† the interlingual translation â€Å"is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language† (Jakobson 145). The intersemiotic translation â€Å"is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign system† such as verbalRead MoreDefinition Of Translation Competence And An Intercultural Mediator862 Words   |  4 Pages1. Introduction In the last few decades, translation has become increasingly important assuming the role of an intercultural mediator. Still, many aspects surrounding the field of translation studies remain unclear and debatable. Such an aspect has to do with the conceptualization and further development of the theoretical and practical background which constitutes translators’ training. In this respect the notion of â€Å"translation competence† (TC) plays a prominent role. Therefore, several attemptsRead MoreThe Translator s Dilemma Of A Translator Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagesanything in the order or wording, I shall seem to have departed from the function of a translator† (qtd. in Bassnett 43). Translation in the first place, is transference of meaning from the Source Language (SL) to the Target Language (TL). But what matters is not a translation of words from SL to TL, for exact equivalence of words of the former is hard to get in the latter. Translation is both linguistic and cultural activity and it is concerned with communication of meaning. It is not merely lexicalRead MoreThe Impact Of Mrna Modifications On Ribosomal Translation850 Words   |  4 PagesImpact of mRNA modifications on ribosomal translation The incorporation of a single nucleotide modification like m6A, m5C, á ´ ª or 2†²-O-methylated nucleotides in the coding regions of bacterial mRNA could either prematurely terminate protein synthesis or reduce the translation efficiency. These findings have escalated the interest in investigating the potential roles of mRNA modifications as the regulators of gene expression. SEE ARTICLE P. 852 DIMPLE CHAVAN Regulation of protein synthesis andRead MoreUse Of Primary And Secondary Sources1187 Words   |  5 Pageslist’s and love songs are but a minuscule, compared to the ample supply of translations that the author Andrea McDowell has implemented into this collection. Village Life in Ancient Egypt was published in 1999 by Oxford University Press, A well-known source of educational publications. McDowell uses a small variety, but by no means lacking in quantity, of primary and secondary sources, the majority of which consisted of translations from either unearthed ostraca, or the less common papyrus. This ReviewRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Duel By Charles Baudelaire919 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican poets have attempted to translate his works. However, a translation titled Duel, interpreted by Keith Waldrop, is superior to other translations by Roy Campbell, William Aggeler, Jacques LeClerecq, Anthony Hecht, and Keith Waldrop. With the exception of the original Duellum, Keith Wa ldrop best emphasized major poetic devices in this poem including metaphors, apostrophe and similes. But most importantly, this translation is easy to read. Waldrop’s version of â€Å"Duellum† was not in the systematic

The Video An Overview Of Unspoken Expectations And...

1. The video gives an overview of unspoken expectations and professional standards of behavior during fieldwork and in the workplace in general. The video is meant to illustrate professionalism and emphasize its importance, especially as it relates to professional success. The video addresses important facets of professionalism such as how to present oneself appropriately and how to build a positive reputation in the workplace. For example, the video touches on how students should act, dress, and communicate in order to present themselves as professionals. In addition, the video details how work ethic, attitude, organization/time management, respectfulness, confidentiality, and documentation play an important role in building a professional reputation. 2. Being organized and having good time management skills are ways that I have already shown professionalism in my life. Being a student, for example, it’s imperative that I’m organized and that I manage my time wisely. In order to be a successful student, I make time to study and complete assignments. For instance, I have a calendar that enables me to keep track of assignments, due dates, and other important events related to being a student. Over more, I have also shown professionalism by doing what I say I’m going to do. For instance, I take my word seriously and I do my best to uphold commitments that I’ve made. 3. One way that I can improve my professionalism is by working on keeping a positive mood, especially whenShow MoreRelatedWorkplace Culture8726 Words   |  35 Pagespersonality is made up of the values, beliefs, underlying assumptions, interests, experiences, upbringing, and habits that create a person’s behavior. Culture is made up of the values, beliefs, underlying assumptions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a group of people. Culture is the behavior that results when a group arrives at a set of - generally unspoken and unwritten - rules for working together. 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Ways Language To Create Meaning In Dubliners English Literature Essay Free Essays

The cliches meaning and value as cliche depends on our acknowledging both its perfect imitation, its exact repeat, of the old happenings of its ain words ( to be a cliche , it must be quotable word for word ) and its difference from other possible words that could replace it[ 1 ] Harold F. Mosher Jr defines the importance of cliches and the importance of repeat in a similar manner. He highlights the importance of cliches to ‘perfectly copy ‘ predating events through the usage of repeat. We will write a custom essay sample on Ways Language To Create Meaning In Dubliners English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The utilizations of repeat and the significance of words and phrases to copy these predating events will be explored in this essay. The subject of flight is shown in assorted narratives in Dubliners. In ‘The Sisters ‘ , the priest foresees he is ‘not long for this universe ‘ and this persists in Eliza ‘s statement: ‘he ‘s gone to a better universe ‘ and the male childs uncle ‘s recollection that the priest ‘had a great wish ‘ for the male child. In ‘The Dead ‘ , Gabriel wants to go forth ‘on his journey due west ‘ . The repeat of the noun ‘world ‘ suggests an alternate universe the characters wish they can get away to when they die. This alternate universe can be seen as Eden, which the priest ‘wishes ‘ for the male child through priesthood in ‘The Sisters ‘ . The noun ‘journey ‘ in ‘The Dead ‘ may be interpreted to intend a ‘journey ‘ in the way of decease. Escape through matrimony is satirised in ‘A Small Cloud ‘ by Gallaher ‘s statement to Chandler for holding ‘tasted the joys of continual cloud nine ‘ . Gallaher ‘s statement is sarcastic as his passion in life is clear in his comment: ‘I mean to get married money ‘ . The vowel rhyme in this short sentence makes it memorable. Gallaher advises Chandler to ‘go away ‘ ‘to London or Paris ‘ . Here, the flight is non to an alternate universe but to another portion of the universe where he can review and happen amusement in the ‘Moulin Rouge ‘ or ‘Bohemian coffeehouse ‘ . However, Chandler does non experience comfy in come ining Corless ‘s saloon as he feels an ‘agitation ‘ about ‘overmaster [ ing ] ‘ him for the ‘adventure of run intoing Gallaher ‘ or to ‘escape from his small house ‘ or ‘to unrecorded courageously like Gallaher. Ã¢â‚¬Ë œ The contrast of the adjectives ‘little ‘ and ‘bravely ‘ reflect the difference of provinces of head of the two characters. Chandler views himself as ‘little ‘ look up toing Gallaher ‘s bravery but feels ‘agitation ‘ because of the ‘adventure ‘ . This agitation reveals the battle a individual must see in order to get away the province they are in. Irony is shown in Chandler ‘s flight to London with ‘his travelled air, his well-cut tweed suit and unafraid speech pattern ‘ in contrast to the ‘signs of future illustriousness ‘ through his imbibing and borrowing money. The positive linguistic communication ‘well-cut ‘ ‘fearless ‘ and ‘greatness ‘ creates a dark tone to the narrative as the contrast highlights the darkness of his province. One of the most prevailing and well-known motives in Dubliners is the empty promise of flight with its subsequent defeat. Though this motive is frequently repeated in many different signifiers, the act of get awaying the Dublin status in an effort to alter one ‘s life is rarely, if of all time, accomplished by the chief characters. ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p54 ) Irony is besides shown in the cultural cliche ‘s in Dubliners. Gallagher ‘s advice to Chandler to get away ennui is through ‘rich Jewesses ‘ in the signifier of ‘dark Oriental eyesaˆÂ ¦fullaˆÂ ¦of passion, of juicy hankering ‘ . The attractive adult female at the saloon in ‘Counterparts ‘ has ‘large dark brown eyes ‘ and Micheal Furey in ‘The Dead ‘ has ‘big dark eyes ‘ . The perennial adjectival ‘dark ‘ emphasises the enigma of ‘Oriental ‘ adult females and ‘big ‘ is besides repeated to reflect the size of difference between the metropolis of Dublin and the flight of an ‘Oriental ‘ topographic point, off from Dublin. The words ‘full ‘ and ‘passion ‘ contrast the empty, passionless life Chandler lives and its attractive force is further emphasised by his ‘longing ‘ for a ‘voluptuous ‘ adult female . Besides, it is dry Chandler wishes his name was more ‘Irish-looking ‘ or if he could do a ‘melancholy tone ‘ or ‘The Gaelic note ‘ which is repeated, but admires the English poet, Lord Byron ‘s verse form ‘ ‘Hushed are the winds’-whose romantic melancholy and linguistic communication have surely become cliches in early twentieth-century Dublin. ‘ ( Bosinelli and Mosher p.56 ) Assorted subjects in Dubliners show cliched linguistic communication. The subject of faith is shown in ‘The Sisters ‘ : ‘God have mercy on his psyche ‘ and ‘he ‘s gone to a better universe ‘ . God is believed to be merciful for the psyche of the dead and the ‘better universe ‘ refers to heaven. The subject of money is shown in different manners in ‘After the Race ‘ : ‘to drama fast and loose ‘ and ‘pots of money ‘ . To play ‘fast and loose ‘ refers to the insignificance of losing money as it is done with velocity and without vacillation while the high significance of money is shown by the sum described through the hyperbole ‘pots ‘ . The subject of drink is shown in different ways in ‘Counterparts ‘ : ‘naming their toxicants ‘ and ‘one small tincture ‘ Drink is shown as ‘poison ‘ which is deadly to a human organic structure but it is contrasted with the undistinguished ‘little tincture ‘ shown in another portion of the narrative. The action in the narratives mirror well-known cliches. In ‘An Encounter, ‘ the male child ‘s fancy for the coloring material green articulation with the empty field mirrors the phrase ‘greener grazing lands over yonder. ‘ In ‘After the Race, ‘ Jimmy ‘s hard place in the back place of the auto and his eventual persecution reflects the look ‘to be taken for a drive. ‘ In ‘The Boarding House, ‘ seductive Polly and persecuted Mr. Doran ‘s prevarication in bed implies ‘you ‘ve made your bed ; now lie in it. ‘ In ‘A Painful Case, ‘ Mr. Duffy ‘s delayed guilt for enduring the loss of Mrs. Sinico might be thought to be an dry dramatisation of the cliched phrase ‘absence makes the bosom grow fonder. ‘ The exasperation of Mrs. Kearney at the terminal of ‘A Mother ‘ could be the dry effect of the stating ‘mother knows best. ‘ ‘The more one thinks of the action of the narratives, the more easy cliches come to mind, merely as the more closely one examines the text of Dubliners, the more apparent go the cliches. ‘ ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p.56 ) The rubric ‘A Little Cloud ‘ is connected to the cliche ‘every cloud has a Ag liner ‘ . This ‘silver run alonging ‘ represents hope of flight of the province Chandler is in by going every bit celebrated as a poet. The word ‘silver ‘ indicates money. The sarcasm of both Chandler ‘s and Gallaher ‘s state of affairss is truly a perennial sarcasm as the significance of the cliche evolves into a dual sarcasm from what appears to be an original metaphor, to the empty cliche , to a new significance created by the cliche become metaphor in its context. ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p.57 ) Therefore, the significance of cliche ‘s enhances the readers apprehension of the action of the narratives which reflect mundane life. We learn of Chandler ‘s character that he is a down pessimist: He watched the scene and idea of life ; and ( as ever happened when he thought of life ) he became sad. A soft melancholy took ownership of him. He felt how useless it was to fight against luck, this being the load of wisdom which the ages had bequeathed him. The image of Chandler watching the scene and reflecting brings a arrest to the action of the narrative. The words ‘always ‘ and ‘ages ‘ imply his depression is insistent merely as the look ‘thought of life ‘ is repeated. The adjectival ‘sad ‘ is besides repeated through the adjectival ‘melancholy ‘ to underscore his life ‘s dull modus operandi. The adjectival ‘gentle ‘ is dry as his ‘melancholy ‘ is rough because it takes ‘possession of him ‘ . The noun ‘possession ‘ is striking as it implies his province of depression takes entire control over him and the uninterrupted depression is hard to interrupt out of as he feels how ‘useless it was to fight against luck ‘ . The noun ‘wisdom ‘ is satirised as it is normally understood that wisdom is helpful in life but in his instance it is a ‘burden ‘ . On the other manus, Chandler ‘s character can be seen as optimistic at times. Chandler says about his authorship that it is ‘a melancholy tempered by returns of religion and surrender and simple joy ‘ . His unhappiness is toned down by positive emotions such as ‘faith ‘ and ‘joy ‘ . The adjectival ‘melancholy ‘ is repeated three times in the same paragraph and twice at the terminal of the narrative when Chandler reflects on Byron ‘s poesy. However, when Chandler hears the kid ‘s weeping, his pessimism returns. The word ‘useless ‘ is repeated three times in three lines and the statement ‘He was a captive for life ‘ is flooring. Chandler ‘s idea turns from desperation to a hope in authorship and back once more to desperation, but throughout, banal linguistic communication and repeat render his committedness to any stance unconvincing. This ultimate deficiency of dedication is the increase of significance that the permeant cliche and repeat spread in retrospect, if non at first, over all the action. The drawn-out metaphor of desperation is shown through the repeating deficiency of assurance in Chandler. His imbalanced province is revealed in this uninterrupted cliched rhythm of hope, deficiency of hope so trust once more. There is a dual sarcasm in Gallaher ‘s assorted mentalities. He uses cliched linguistic communication: ‘I ‘m traveling to hold my crack foremost and see a spot of life and the universe before I put my caput in the poke ‘ . The sarcasm is shown when Gallaher repeatedly congratulates Chandler for ‘putting his caput in the poke ‘ , guaranting Chandler that Gallaher ‘s ‘best wants ‘ are those of a ‘sincere friend ‘ . The look ‘head in the poke ‘ creates an image of suffocation- Gallaher ‘s metaphor for matrimony. Chandler ‘s state of affairs is mocked through Gallaher ‘s bogus ‘best wants ‘ . ‘Gallaher ‘s impermanent enthusiasm for ( Chandler ‘s ) married life is so made to look insincere by his naming that life ‘stale’aˆÂ ¦The words are filled with significance and so emptied by contradictory 1s or banal linguistic communication in one dry bend after another. ‘ ( Bosinelli and Mosher p.58 ) Cliched linguistic communication can be made undistinguished by dry irony. The subject of money takes a darker tone in Chandlers position. He calls the furniture ‘mean ‘ and ‘pretty ‘ connoting money is attractive but unkind. He repeats these adjectives in depicting his married woman ‘s eyes. Chandler ‘s emptiness is emphasised as he reads poetry more than writes it. Chandler ‘repeated lines to himself and this consoled him. ‘ The ‘repeated lines ‘ mirror the repeated ‘sobbing ‘ in the narrative through the equivalent word ‘cry ‘ and ‘scream ‘ and the adjectival ‘little ‘ is repeated in the rubric ‘A Little Cloud ‘ and Chandlers name has the label ‘Little ‘ . The adjective is besides repeated in ‘Ivy Day in the Committee Room ‘ 14 times. But Chandler ‘s name, we recall, carries with it the epithet ‘Little ‘ , and his littleness of spirit and achievement and defeated promise for the hereafter are reiterated like a chorus at the terminal of the narrative by the married woman ‘s application of the adjectival both literally and figuratively ( therefore in consequence duplicating the repeat ) to the little and unfortunate kid, making an dry comparing to the male parent. ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p. 59 ) Repeats of words carry significance of actual and nonliteral significances. There are repeats in Dubliners which have topical worth. For illustration, in ‘Counterparts ‘ , the subject of choler is transferred from ‘furiously ‘ to ‘furious ‘ to ‘Blast him ‘ to ‘rage ‘ , to ‘Blast it ‘ to ‘enraged ‘ to ‘revel in force ‘ to ‘bitter and violent ‘ and at the terminal ‘fury ‘ and ‘furiously ‘ . The short and long words create a musical balance with the sound of the words changing. The perennial adverb ‘furiously ‘ contrasts the short words ‘furious ‘ and ‘fury ‘ adding to the beat of the three syllable sentences ‘revel in force ‘ and ‘bitter and violent ‘ . The noun ‘thirst ‘ is besides repeated to reflect his imbibing wonts. Here, so, is a series of perennial words and equivalent word that turns back upon itself, leads nowhere, and as such is a metonymy for Farrington ‘s repetitive occupation and the barbarous disk shape of his life: he works at copying and recopying the same words in order to gain money to still his thirst ( that is, acquire rummy ) but is still thirsty ( that is, he does non acquire rummy ) and must get down all over once more the following twenty-four hours to copy in order to gain money in order to acquire rummy. ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p. 60 ) The repeat of words mirrors the characters insistent life style. The subject of choler connects to the subject of darkness as Farrington is described as ‘dark wine-coloured ‘ and the noun ‘darkness ‘ is repeated in the narrative. Darkness is shown in other narratives in Dubliners such as ‘The Sisters ‘ through the ’empty hearth ‘ . The apposition of ‘dark wine-coloured ‘ high spots the darkness of Farrington ‘s alcoholic job. Besides, the emptiness of the hearth in ‘The Sisters ‘ mirrors the darkness of the narrative. Harold F. Mosher Jr describes darkness ‘as a scene and general status in the universe of DublinersaˆÂ ¦ ‘ ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p.60 ) Again, the repeat of words mirrors the drawn-out metaphor which runs throughout Dubliners. The subject of visible radiation is shown in ‘The Dead ‘ as Gabriel ‘s ‘tender fires ‘ is repeated as ‘tender fire ‘ and ‘tender joy ‘ . Besides, Gabriel ‘s ‘dull fires of his lecherousness [ which ] began to turn angrily ‘ reverberations Farrington ‘s state of affairs as the ‘dull fire ‘ could be interpreted as alcohol- a fire he ‘lusts ‘ for which ‘grows angrily ‘ into a dull stoping. Light is shown in a different manner through the character of Gretta as she is described with ‘colour on her cheeks ‘ , ‘rich bronze of her hair ‘ and ‘shining ‘ eyes. Light is shown through the adjectives of the Sun such as ‘bronze ‘ and ‘shining ‘ . The images of light present new hope for their Gabriel and Gretta ‘s relation. Ironically, Gabriel moves from this visible radiation to the darkness outside to the muted visible radiation of the hotel room with his dull lecherousness and choler at the minute when, eventually, visible radiation in a nonliteral sense mornings on him about his relation to Gretta ( as visible radiation mornings partly on Jimmy in ‘After the Race ‘ after the dark of losing money. Subjects are repeated in different signifiers to reflect the state of affairs ‘s of the narratives. There are many contrasts in ‘A Little Cloud ‘ as Chandler feels ‘acutely the contrast between his ain life and his friend ‘s ‘ . Contrasts are besides seen in the scene of the narrative: ‘kindly aureate dust, ‘ ‘gentle melancholy ‘ and ‘golden sundown ‘ . The contrast ‘golden dust ‘ mirrors the apposition ‘dull fire ‘ seen in ‘The Dead ‘ . Here ‘kindly ‘ and ‘gentle ‘ brace away, as does the repeat of ‘golden, ‘ and therefore ‘dust, ‘ ‘melancholy, ‘ and ‘sunset ‘ associate with each other and with the other repeats of ‘melancholy ‘ later in the narrative as indexs of Chandler ‘s province of head and peculiarly of his attitude toward poesy and the possibility it offers for flight from his ‘sober unartistic life ‘ . ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p.61 ) The map of repeat and contrasts has topical significance to exhibit the characters aggravated state of affairs and the emphatic want to fly from their exasperation. The map of cliche ‘s augments the reader ‘s cognition of the action of the narratives which mirror day-to-day life. Cliched words can be made unimportant by dry irony. Repeats of words bear importance of factual and metaphorical significances. The repeat of words reflects the characters repeating life style. How to cite Ways Language To Create Meaning In Dubliners English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Essay Corporate Law

Question: Write an essay on the corporate law. Answer: Introduction Corporate law is actually a company oriented law which mainly highlights different level of study for the companys shareholders, directors, creditors, stakeholders and even the customers. Various communities as well as environment are often in communication with each over different perspective. Corporate law could be stated as a vital part of company oriented law. Corporate governance mainly includes the different processes, and relations utilising which the companies do set their objectives and aims to achieve those in relation to the current business scenario (Bainbridge, 2015). The method of articulating corporate governance includes the process of monitoring the various actions taken by the company, their policies and company oriented practices which might throw impact over the stakeholders. An important theme of corporate governance is the nature and extent of corporate accountability. Different companies which are estimated to practice the corporate governance mainly looks forw ard to bring in economic efficiency by establishing strong prominence over the welfare of shareholders. Expectations of the corporate governance council The ASX corporate governance council was estimated to get formed in the year 2002 and in the month of 15th august. This council was noticed to bring together about 21 groups of company which already possessed a incongruent form of business background and aimed at carrying out different aims and priorities which are further being accompanies by the different forms of constituencies. Instead of functioning over different perspective the ASX corporate governance council was estimated to possess a lot of expectations. The council had an expectation to develop as well as deliver the huge industrialized form of supported framework to different other companies so that they could function efficiently in the business market (Dowling et al 2014). They had an expectation to provide certain level of practical guidance to different new companies which has just made their entrance in the business field. Other expectations of the council is also estimated as to provide more amount of flexibility to a variety of business structures and performance of all the working employees of the organisations and companies to which certain level of flexibility has been offered would be able to make certain level of optimization over individual performances who are working in the organisation. The corporate governance council expects to make certain promotions, adoption, as well as efficiently implement the varied guidelines so that business organisation would be able to carry out their business efficiently and business relationship could be enhanced by carrying out certain forms of fiduciary responsibilities in order to keep the long term investment interest order safe. Interest upon which the Board of directors act The board of directors are mainly estimated to act according the specified companies interest and suggest companies to take up steps for making changes over its existing systems and cultures so that the productivity of the organisation would be increased and the company would be able to meet their business objectives to achieve long term success in their business. When according the companies interest the boards of directors are suggested to follow the principles designed by the organisation so that they could perform legally in the business market (Feld, 2013). When the board of directors are estimated t act according the companies they should get familiar with the companies objectives and restructure the business in order to make the company or the business organisation attain competitive success. Various role of the board of directors The boards of directors are estimated to possess a variety of responsibilities like: The boards of directors have been held responsible in order to govern as well as administer the organisation perfectly so that the company might not experience any kinds of business risks while operating the market. In governing the organisation has to set up certain policies and objectives which would help in meeting the vital goals of the companies (Gorga et al 2014). The boards of directors are also highly responsible in selecting, appointing and supplying efficient support over the various functions that is being carried out by the chief executive of the organisation. The boards of directors are highly responsible to make sure about the efficient flow of perfect amount of financial resources so that organisations are able to carry out their responsibilities efficiently (Howson, 2013). The board of directors has been made totally responsible for making certain level of approvement over their annual budgets so that the organisation or the company would be able to understand the amount of cost per month in manufacturing products Also the boards of directors are responsible in carrying out perfect accounting procedure so that the performance level of the organisation could be enhanced. Last but not the least the boards of directors are totally held responsible in setting the salary structure and compensation level for the working employees so that the management of the organisation could run efficiently (Idowu 2013). An introduction to independent director with example An independent director of a company could also be stated s a outside director of the company who is mainly estimated to possess a pecuniary form of relationship with the other board of directors of the company and are responsible to carry out different activities within the business organisation. The independent directors are not found to create any kind of share over the companys financial structures (Johnson, 2013). For example a general electric corporation company is mainly found to provide certain level of definition over certain form of material relationship in which the transaction between the GE and the companies directors are estimated to be equal to 1 percent in comparison to the total revenue and the GE who is also the independent director of the company would be able to get himself linked with the charity making an annul receipt. Legal strategies are available under Australian law to manage the independence of a boards decision making Different legal strategies are noticed to be available under the Australian law basically for the purpose of managing the high level of independence based on the boards decision making. If the organisation is noticed to have been highly incorporated under the corporation act 2001the company is entitled to carry out certain vital responsibilities and duties by the companys board of directors. The companys internal management is extremely important to have been governed by the provisions of the corporate act 2001which insist the companies to replace their existing rules making use of the constitution rules or even by making perfect combination of both (Klausner 2013). Under this legislative strategy of the corporation act of 2001 certain level of care as well as diligence is being supplied to the managers and other officers of the company so that they could get a chance to exercise control over different other staffs of the company. Through the corporation act its is basically noticed that companies experience certain level of flexibility in the process of information gathering so that they could make use of such information while launching a new product or service for the companies customers. Highlighting the importance of board position for the independent directors . Board position is very much vital for the independent board of directors so that they could carry out different activities within the organisation and govern the activities of different other people within the organisation. If the independent boards of directors are supplied with a perfect form of board position like in the position of chairman the independent directors would be able to act o behalf of the different shareholders linked with the functioning of the organisation so that they could make use of different business affairs that would create development in business. In gaining a board position the independent directors would be able to organise a general meeting so that the company would make future plans that would be helpful in making the organisation successful in their business (Phillips, et al 2013). When the independent directors would be supplied with a perfect form of board position they would hold a power to guide as well as increase the current operation structur e of the organisation so that they could establish future development. When the independent directors would be supplied with the board position it becomes easier for them to make promotion of their company to become successful in the competitive business field. Also when the independent directors are entitled to the board position they become capable in monitoring the shareholders relationship by establishing effective relationship with the stakeholders, and at the same time the independent directors would also become liable gather as well as make assessment over the information. When the independent boards of directors are supplied with a position in the board at the post of chairman they become capable in promoting the goodwill as well as support the relationship of the organisation with the shareholders and stakeholders. Better corporate governance versus better corporate performance A corporate governance practice is much important than the corporate performance because through the corporate governance system the board of directors of the organisation are able to make changes within the whole structure of the organisation. Through the involvement of corporate governance system an organisation is able to review and make perfect level of evaluation on the future and present opportunities so that the organisation would become capable in handling different form of risky situation, on the other perspective the corporate performance is not that much vital for the organisation because it might shape the behavior of one or few individuals but this system would not be efficient for all people working in the organisation. At times through the process of corporate performance it is noticed that people working in the organisation experience certain level of barrier while communicating with one another (Quinn 2013). When practicing corporate governance the organisations are able to make recommendations over the different strategic options but while focusing on facts that might enhance corporate governance organisations does not experience heights of success in their business. Through practise of corporate governance the organisations are able to make certain level of determination over the business strategies and plans so that they could further make use of the corporate strategy. On the other hand by highlighting corporate performance it is noticed that changes in organisational structure could be implemented so easily and they have to make choice over different corporate strategies which might be a very difficult task. But one of the most vital importances of corporate performance is that through corporate governance the organisations gain the capability in overcoming risks and threatening situations. Making illustration over the disclosure requirement in ASX Listing Rule 4.10.3? Under this disclosure requirement it is extremely vital for the ASX to make reduction over the entity that has been recommended over the set and functioning principle of ASX as stated under the ASX corporate governance council. In case the entity has been identified to not follow certain recommendations it is very much vital for the industry to make a separate form of identity for the purpose of not following the recommendations and input alternate form of government practices (Strine 2014). Under the listing rule the corporate governance practise should include the different form of statements with a current date and also including an entity balance date or even would include a later data that would be highlighted by the entity. It should also include a date that would be entitled by the entity of trust. Relevance of the Principle 2 and recommendations of the ASXs Corporate Governance Councils As per the principle 2 of the ASX corporate governance council it is important to establish a high performing as well as proper form of governance entity. According to this principle it would be important to possess an appropriate number of the independence level for the board of directors. And also for the non executive directors who would be capable of accepting the challenge that would further be helpful in highlighting the organisations capability of carrying out different forms of activities. According the principle 2 it has been stated that perfect level of interest of the listed entity the security holders of the organisations are highly responsible. As per the existing relation between the principle 2 and the recommendations stated by the ASX corporate governance it is extremely vital for the listed entity to have a perfect level of nomination committee within which there has to be at least three members among which the majority members are estimated to be independent directo rs, should also possess a chairman and a charter of the committee also including different committee members (Strine, et al 2014). As per the existing relation between the principle and the recommendations it hs been estimated that a separate form of nomination committee is very much vital and efficient for effective mechanisms so that some amount of transparency would be brought up and the a certain form of independent judgment could be established over certain decisions regarding the efficient functioning of the board. Within this relationship it is noticed that recommendations over the flexibility of the various security holders should be considered. On perspective of the relevance of the principle 2 and the recommendations over the ASX corporate governance it is important provide certain level of importance on the materiality as well as interest position of the independent directors of a company. Conclusion The practices of corporate governance needs to be carefully handles and if it is not done the companies would experience high level of risks. The board of directors of the company might experience certain level of insulation in perspective of their shareholders who are related to the management of the organisation. This aspect of corporate governance is noticed to be present within the different types of public debates as well as developmental regulatory policies (Bainbridge, 2015). The activities of the board of directors are always examined through the power they have been provided with and is conferred with the outside authorities of the organisation. High level of contemporary interest over corporate governance is estimated to be linked with certain forms of mitigation in relation to the different types of conflicts that might take place within the internal environment of the organisation. In large business industries or corporations it is mainly noticed separation in ownership t ake place due to the corporate governance practices. References Atanassov, J. (2013). Do hostile takeovers stifle innovation? Evidence from antitakeover legislation and corporate patenting. The Journal of Finance, 68(3), 1097-1131. Bainbridge, S. (2015). Corporate Law. West Academic. Dowling, G. R. (2014). The curious case of corporate tax avoidance: Is it socially irresponsible?. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(1), 173-184. Esposito, R. T. (2012). Social Enterprise Revolution in Corporate law: A Primer on Emerging Corporate Entities in Europe and the United States and the Case for the Benefit Corporation, The. Wm. Mary Bus. L. Rev., 4, 639. Feld, K. (2013). Controlling the Prosecution of Bribery: Applying Corporate Law Principles to Define a Foreign Official in the foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Wash. L. Rev., 88, 245. Gevurtz, F. A. (2011). Using Comparative and Transitional Corporate Law to Teach Corporate Social Responsibility. Pac. McGeorge Global Bus. Dev. LJ, 24, 39. Gorga, ., Halberstam, M. (2014). Litigation Discovery and Corporate Governance: The Missing Story About the'Genius of American Corporate Law'. Yale Law Economics Research Paper, (501). Howson, N. C. (2013). 'Quack Corporate Governance'as Traditional Chinese MedicineThe Securities Regulation Cannibalization of China's Corporate Law and a State Regulator's Battle Against Party State Political Economic Power. Idowu, S. O. (2013). Encyclopedia of corporate social responsibility. Berlin: Springer. Jacobs, J. J. B. (2011). " Patient Capital": Can Delaware Corporate Law Help Revive It?. Wash Lee L. Rev., 68, 1645-1973. Johnson, L. (2012). Pluralism in Corporate Form: Corporate Law and Benefit Corps. Regent UL Rev., 25, 269. Johnson, L. (2013). Unsettledness Delaware Corporate Law: Business Judgment Rule, Corporate Purpose. Del. J. Corp. L., 38, 405. Klausner, M. (2013). Fact and fiction in corporate law and governance. MacMillan, C. (2012). Corporate law: Impact of regulatory reforms on executive remuneration in Australia-AGMs in 2011. Keeping good companies, 64(2), 100. Milhaupt, C. J. (Ed.). (2012). Global markets, domestic institutions: Corporate law and governance in a new era of cross-border deals. Columbia University Press. Muchlinski, P. (2012). Implementing the new UN corporate human rights framework: Implications for corporate law, governance, and regulation. Business Ethics Quarterly, 22(01), 145-177. Phillips, D. J., Turco, C. J., Zuckerman, E. W. (2013). Betrayal as Market Barrier: Identity-Based Limits to Diversification among High-Status Corporate Law Firms1. American Journal of Sociology, 118(4), 1023-1054. Quinn, B. J. (2013). Arbitration and the Future of Delaware's Corporate Law Franchise. Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution, 14, 829. Strine Jr, L. E. (2014). Can we do better by ordinary investors? A pragmatic reaction to the dueling ideological mythologists of corporate law. Columbia Law Review, 449-502. Strine, L. E., Walter, N. (2014). Conservative Collision Course?: The Tension Between Conservative Corporate Law Theory and Citizens United. Harvard Law School John M. Olin Center Discussion Paper, (788). Yosifon, D. G. (2011). The public choice problem in corporate law: Corporate social responsibility after Citizens United. North Carolina Law Review, 89, 1197.

Unethical Works, Unethical People Essays - Mike Barnicle

Unethical Works, Unethical People Unethical Works, Unethical People In the world of media today, an ethics code is one of the most important things to follow. Unfortunately, Mike Barnicle and Patricia Smith did not feel the same way. Mike Barnicle and Patricia Smith, both former workers for The Boston Globe, plagiarized and falsified information in order to bring forth newsworthy stories. Throughout this paper I will discuss the unethical acts of both Barnicle and Smith, the problems they caused for themselves, and the problems they caused for The Boston Globe. "The following is what happens when a company lacks consistent response to, and enforcement of, its core values and standards"(Hoffman 1). The summer of 1998 became one of the worst summers The Boston Globe has ever seen. For thirty years The Boston Globe had built itself a great reputation and had won twelve Pulitzer prizes. "The Globe even outshone its cross-town rival, the Boston Herald" (Hoffman 1). In 1973 the Globe hired a writer by the name of Mike Barnicle. Mike wrote about the Boston's working class. Including cops, single mothers, gas station owners, elderly immigrants and young veterans. Problems with Barnicle started to surface early in his Boston Globe career. The Globe settled two lawsuits stating that Barnicle plagiarized quotes of famous people. Also, a man by the name of Mike Royoko complained that Barnicle was copying his work. Many workers at the Globe then came to resent him and complained that he was arrogant. Just when it seemed that Mike Barnicle's problems were beginning to subside, on August 1, 1998, Barnicle wrote a column titled, "I was just thinking.....". A reader called the Globe and alerted the Boston Herald that many of the excerpts in Barnicles column actually came from George Carlins book, Brain Droppings. The column Barnicle had written was not his own work.. This was the worst case scenario for the Boston Globe because their competitor released the story first and at the same time revealing the earlier problems the Globe had had with Mike Barnicle. "The thirty eight, one-liners in the column included eight items similar to George Carlin's book, without citing Carlin as the source"(Jurkowitz 1). Here is an excerpt from the actual article that Barnicle wrote compared to the writings of George Carlin. The book: "If cockpit voice recorders are so indestructible, why don't they just build an airplane that's just one big cockpit voice recorder?"(Carlin;Jurkowitz 3). The column: "How come planes aren't made with the same indestructible material used to assemble those black boxes that always survive crashes?"(Barnicle;Jurkowitz 3). The book: "People who should be phased out: Guys who wear suits all day and think an earring makes them cool all night."(Carlin;Jurkowitz 3). The column: "I don't get it when guys over forty think they're cool because they wear an earring."(Barnicle;Jurkowitz 3). As you can see through this small excerpt, Mike Barnicle obviously took his column from George Carlin's book, even though Barnicle claims to have never read Carlin's book. This wasn't the end to Barnicle's unethical ways. In1995 Barnicle wrote a piece about two families with a child at Children's Hospital. The story had been told to Barnicle, but was never meant for news and the story was embellished and flawed in the retelling. Barnicle wrote that one family lost a child and the other family generously gave them a personal gift of ten thousand dollars, when in actuality a gift of five thousand dollars was given and it was given to go toward a scholarship, not a personal gift. Also the race of the child was not accurate. When The Boston Globe became aware of what Barnicle was doing they were outraged. The Globe immediately asked for Barnicle's resignation accusing him of plagarism and falsification. Barnicle states, "Plagiarism is not the word to use here. Laziness or stupidity might be."(Jurkowitz 2). Barnicle asked the Globe to run a final column so that he could argue his case. Barnicle's request was denied, but he was allowed to write a column announcing his resignation. So at the age of fifty-four in August of 1998, Barnicle resigned. In his resignation column he states, "My employment ended in forced resignation and personal disbelief this August when I could not immediately provide sources for a 1995 column that included the reconstruction of dialogue I had not actually heard directly."(Barnicle 5). Barnicle had worked at the Globe for twenty-five years and said that they were wonderful, but now it was time for him to do something different. Unfortunately the problems at the Globe did not stop with Mike Barnicle. Patricia Smith was also working at the Globe. Patricia was a fairly new employee,

Biography of Carter G. Woodson, Black Historian

Biography of Carter G. Woodson, Black Historian Carter G. Woodson (December 19, 1875–April 3, 1950) is known  as the father of black history and black studies. He worked tirelessly to establish the field of African-American history in the early 1900s, founding the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History and its journal. This son of two former slaves, he rose from modest origins to become the respected and groundbreaking historian who founded Negro History Week, today known as Black History Month. Fast Facts: Carter Woodson Known For: Known as the father of black history, Woodson founded Negro History Week, upon which Black History Month is foundedBorn: December 19, 1875 in New Canton, VirginiaParents: Anne Eliza Riddle Woodson and James Henry WoodsonDied: April 3, 1950 in Washington, D.C.Education: B.A. and M.A., University of Chicago. Ph.D., Harvard UniversityPublished Works:  The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, A Century of Negro Migration, The History of the Negro Church, The Negro in Our HistoryAwards and Honors: 1926 NAACP Spingarn Medal, 1984 U.S. Postal Service 20 cent stamp honoring WoodsonNotable Quote: Those who have no record of what their forebears have accomplished lose the inspiration which comes from the teaching of biography and history. Early Life Woodsons parents owned a 10-acre tobacco farm near the James River in Virginia and their children had to spend most of their days doing farm work to help the family survive. This wasnt an unusual situation for farm families in late 19th-century America, but it did mean that young Woodson had little time to pursue his studies. Two of his uncles ran a schoolroom that met five months out of the year, and Woodson attended when he could. He learned to read using the Bible and his fathers newspapers in the evening. As a teenager, he went to work in the coal mines. During his free time, Woodson continued his education on his own, reading the writings of Roman philosopher Cicero and the Roman poet Virgil. Education When he was 20 years old, Woodson enrolled at Frederick Douglass High School in West Virginia, where his family then lived. He graduated in a year and went on to Berea College in Kentucky and Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. While he was still in college, he became an educator, teaching high school and serving as a principal. After his college graduation in 1903, Woodson spent time teaching in the Philippines and also traveled, visiting the Middle East and Europe. When he returned to the U.S., he enrolled at the University of Chicago and received both his bachelors and masters degrees in the spring of 1908. That fall, he became a doctoral student in history at Harvard University. The Founder of Black History Woodson was not the first African-American to earn a Ph.D. in history from Harvard; that distinction went to W.E.B. Du Bois. But when Woodson graduated in 1912, he embarked on the project of making the history of black Americans both visible and respected. Contemporary conventional historians were white and had a very narrow scope in their historical narratives; one of Woodsons professors at Harvard, Edward Channing, asserted that the negro had no history. Channing was not alone in this sentiment, and U.S. history textbooks and coursework emphasized political history, which covered the history of the white middle-class and affluent men. Woodsons first book was on the history of African-American education titled,  The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, published in 1915. In his preface, he emphasized the importance and power of the African-American story: [T]he accounts of the successful strivings of Negroes for enlightenment under most adverse circumstances read like beautiful romances of a people in an heroic age. The same year that his first book came out, Woodson took the important step of creating an organization to promote the study of African-American history and culture. It was called the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH). He founded it with four other African-American men; they agreed to the project during a meeting at the YMCA and envisioned an association that would promote publishing in the field but also racial harmony by improving historical knowledge. The association had an accompanying journal that still exists today, The Journal of Negro History, which began in 1916. In 1920, Woodson became dean of the School of Liberal Arts at Howard University, and it was there that he created a formal African-American history survey course. That same year, he founded Associated Negro Publishers to promote African-American publishing. From Howard, he went on to West Virginia State, but in 1922 he retired from teaching and devoted himself entirely to scholarship. Woodson moved to Washington, D.C., and erected the permanent headquarters for the ASNLH. Woodson also continued to publish works such as  A Century of Negro Migration (1918), The History of the Negro Church (1921), and The Negro in Our History (1922). Negro History Week If Woodson had stopped there, he still would be remembered for helping to usher in the field of African-American history. But he wanted to spread knowledge of this history to black students of all ages. In 1926, he hit upon an idea- a week purely devoted to the celebration of the achievements of African-Americans. Negro History Week, the progenitor of todays Black History Month, began the week of Feb. 7, 1926. The week included the birthdays of both Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. Black educators, with Woodsons encouragement, rapidly adopted the week-long study of African-American history. Later Life and Death Woodson spent the rest of his life studying, writing about, and promoting black history. He fought to keep African-American history alive at a time when most white historians were actively hostile to the idea. He kept the ASNLH and its journal going, even when funding was scarce. Woodson died at his home in Washington, D.C., at the age of 74 on April 3, 1950. He is buried at Lincoln Memorial Cemetery in  Maryland. Legacy Woodson did not live to see Brown v. Board of Education, which made segregation in schools illegal, nor did he live to see the creation of Black History Month in 1976. But his brainchild, Negro History Week, is the direct predecessor of this significant educational advance. His efforts to highlight the achievements of African-Americans gave to the civil rights generation a deep appreciation of the heroes who had preceded them and in whose footsteps they were following. The achievements of African-Americans like Crispus Attucks and Harriet Tubman  are part of the standard U.S. history narrative today, thanks to Carter G. Woodson. Sources Baldwin, Neil. The American Revelation: Ten Ideals That Shaped Our Country from the Puritans to the Cold War. Macmillan, 2006.Carter G. Woodson: Father of Black History. Ebony. vol. 59, no. 4, February 2004. pp. 20, 108-110.Dagbovie, Pero Gaglo. The Early Black History Movement, Carter G. Woodson, and Lorenzo Johnston Greene. The University of Illinois Press, 2007.Woodson, Carter G. The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861. G.P. Putnams sons, 1915.

Moon Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Moon Journal - Essay Example The moon takes about 24 hours and 49 minutes to cross the sky. Because of this, the moon rises and sets later than the previous day and it does this for around 27 days when it has finished one revolution, and it goes back to rising sun  setting at the initial times. The moon does not give off its own light; but instead reflects suns light.  Ã‚  The phases of the moon are as a result of the different parts of the moon that reflect the sun’s light as it revolves the earth. The shape changes from a new moon to a full moon. The order is as follows: new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, waning crescent then new moon. The moon seems larger than the stars and even the sun, but this is due to the fact that the moon is our closest neighbour in space. In fact, the sun is 400 times bigger than the moon. The moon does not have any life form and has extreme temperatures compared to the earth (Chancer and Zodron

Project management- reflection and development Essay

Project management- reflection and development - Essay Example Project management ensures successful completion of a project while meeting the constraints of time, cost and quality. It brings together the resources needed to complete the project which includes the project members’ technical skills, interpersonal capabilities, collaborative efforts, material facilities like information systems, and funding. The main task of project managers is to choose appropriate PM tools to make the project work advance efficiently, assess project information and supervise project team activities (Hill 56). Project management focuses on the completion of the project’s life cycle that includes initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and controlling, and closing of the project. If these main phases are broken down into detailed ones, then, as asserted by Lock (9), the project’s life cycle includes original concept, feasibility study, business plan, risk assessment, public enquiry, authorization, organization, planning, design, procurement, fulfillment, test, handover, economic life, and disposal. Project management makes sure that each and every of these phases are properly dealt with. However, in this report, I will discuss the main phases of project management. Technical and interpersonal skills both combine to take care of project parameters which include specifications (quality), budget (cost), and schedule (time) (Haynes 7). According to Haynes (7), â€Å"a successfully managed project is one that is completed at the specified level of quality, on or before the de adline, and within budget.† Technical skills, which are the project-task-related skills, are a pre-requisite for the project management phases. For the team members and the project member, alongside possessing required educational qualifications, it is important to be fully equipped with the necessary information and guidelines that will lead the project toward completion. Knowledge about the latest tools and equipment, hardware and software, and the

Sociology unit4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociology unit4 - Essay Example These processes are largely intertwined and result in specific challenges to societies in general and to family life in particular, in both direct and indirect ways.† (Editors' note & Introduction†, 2008) Further it could be suggested that this list is accurate but incomplete as changing gender roles and division of labor both within and outside the family have also evolved. The wealth gap has increased in the United States over the last fifty years. The wealthy have gotten wealthier and the poor have gotten poorer. This increases the affluence of the wealthy and increases the poverty of the least affluent. Most importantly, however, it increases the differences between the lives of the very wealthy and those of the very poor. This significant wealth gap increases differentiation within American society and between classes leading to resentment and the loss of a sense of shared destiny and cooperation. Second, as a result of the demographic transition families are getting smaller. It was not uncommon at the start of the twentieth century ffor a family to have six or eight children and possibly also have grandparents living with them. Households were much larger one hundred years ago than they are today. In 2000 the average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.14. Household size refers to persons living under the same roof but not necessarily related. (US Census, 2000, Fact Sheet) That the family size is larger than the household size is evidence of a weakening of the family in terms of families living together. It also speaks to the massive increase in marital breakdown that has become a common feature of modern family life. According to divorcerate.org, â€Å"50% percent of first marriages, 67% of second and 74% of third marriages end in divorce, according to Jennifer Baker of the Forest Institute of Professional Psychology in Springfield, Missouri.† (â€Å"Divorce Rate†) John R. Lott Jr., argues that the wider av ailability of abortion as a birth control option increased casual and pre-marital sex and single-motherhood. He argues that this was the cause of the burgeoining crime rate during the 1980s and 1990s. He arguess that, â€Å"more out-of-wedlock births, fewer adoptions than expected, and less pressure on men "to do the right thing"--led to a sharp increase in single-parent families.† (Lott, 2007) Further he asserts that this led to more children being raised in single-parent families and had no impact on the declining crime rate. â€Å"Legalizing abortion increased crime. Those born in the four years after Roe were much more likely to commit murder than those born in the four years prior.† (Lott, 2007) The increasing divorce rate and the increase in single-parent families all point to a weakening of the traditional family. References â€Å"Divorce Rate†. Www.divorcerate.org. "Editors' note & Introduction." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 39.3 (2008): 1+. Han isch, Carol. (2006). â€Å"New Intro to 'The Personal is Political'. Web. http://web.archive.org/web/20080515014413/http://scholar.alexanderstreet.com/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=2259. Lott, John R., Jr. (August 13, 2007). "Abortion and crime: one has an effect on the other, but it may not be the effect you think." National Review18. US Census, 2000, F

Business Environment For Toyota Motor Corporation

Business Environment For Toyota Motor Corporation Business environment is about exploring the nature of the business in which it is being carried out. In this essay, analysis is being made for an automobile company known as Toyota Motor Corporation. Toyota Motor Corporation is commonly known as TOYOTA and is abbreviated as TMC. The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 as a derivative from his fathers company Toyota industries to create automobiles. First passenger car was Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation group companies are Toyota (including the Scion brand), Lexus, Daihatsu and Hino Motors, along with several non-automotive companies. Toyota Motor Corporation uses two tools for its business environment which is PEST and SWOT. Every business has an internal and an external environment. Before debating on external forces, internal forces/environment should be made clear. Internal environment is the one which is owned and controlled by the organisation itself. It comprises of: Resources: Toyota has a wide variety of resources such as well qualified employees, infrastructure. Knowledge and the actions of decision makers: As they have well qualified employees, Toyotas decision makers are successful decision makers. External Business environment is a set of political, economic, social and technological forces. These forces can have a negative as well as positive impact on the operation of a business. External factors are of two types (i) External Micro factors, and (ii) External Macro factors. External micro factors comprises of suppliers, agents, transporters, distributors, wholesalers etc. External macro factors comprises of Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors. External micro factors or industry factors can be influenced by an organisation whereas; External macro factors cannot be influenced by an organisation. Before beginning the marketing process, it is very important for an organisation to consider its external macro environment. External macro factors comprise of PEST factors as discussed above. PEST factors are explained below: Political: Political factor involve political stability, legal obligations for contract, intellectual property protection, trade regulations and tariffs, pricing regulations, taxation, wage legislation, product labelling requirements, environmental regulations. In 2004, Toyota spent $2.4 million (approx.) on lobbying. In 2005, its lobbying investment increased to $3.4 million and also for the first time TMC considered on creating a political committee. One strong factor behind Toyotas quest of greater political clout may be the possibility that the Big Three, staggered by slumping sales, will ask Congress for subsidies or a bailout, said Joan Claybrook, the president of the Public Citizen watchdog group in Washington. Economic: These factors comprise of Government intervention in the free market, infrastructure quality, inflation rate, interest rate, economic growth rate, availability of labour, wage rate of labour. Toyota got a tax incentive on producing clean fuel and hybrid engine cars. Due to this tax rebate on Toyota, purchasing parity of consumers was increased for expensive hybrid engine and clean fuel cars. Social: Social factors involve education, class structure, demographics, culture etc. Toyota has always remained one step ahead to its competitors. Toyota believes in sustainable development and they have proved it by producing clean fuel and hybrid engine cars. These cars ensure safety, better environment and affordability to their customers. Technological: These factors depend on a countrys technological knowhow, recent technological advancements, rate of technological diffusion, investments made by the company etc. Toyota invests millions of dollars an hour to improve their technology for better driving experience as well as for the safety of passengers. Toyota also managed to bag some awards for their safety systems installed in the car, which is again possible due to advanced technology. Advantages of PEST analysis: PEST analysis is an effective and efficient tool, which provides a framework to an organisation for effective decision making. By making effective use of PEST analysis, one can ensure affirmative orientation of the business organisation. PEST analysis also helps an organisation in avoiding decisions which should not be taken. PEST analysis helps in making lawful decisions for the companies which are willing to enter into a new market. Disadvantages of PEST analysis: PEST analysis considers only the external business factors, but in reality all the factors should be considered in order to make effective decisions for an organisation. Most of the data gathered through this analysis is based on assumptions, which sometimes may not prove to be fruitful for an organisation. The rapid changes in the world economy can also make it difficult in analysing PEST factors for an organisation. The second tool used by TMC, the SWOT analysis is discussed below: SWOT analysis helps an organisation in achieving their goals in the environment in which they are operating. It comprises of environmental factors such as Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. An explanation of these factors in context to TMC is discussed below: Strengths: Strength can be the expertise of an organisation. This attribute is internal to an organisation and can be controlled by it. Toyota made new investments in USA and China; subsequently their profits were also increased. This increase in the profits was due to the effective market segmentation which Toyota made. Toyota uses marketing techniques to find the needs of their target customers, the profits are also maximised by using effective manufacturing techniques. Weaknesses: Weaknesses of a company could be lack of effective marketing techniques, location of business, poor reputation etc. In Toyotas case, the weakness is the economic and political conditions of the countries in which it manufactures the largest number of cars. The demand for cars in USA and Japan is very fluctuating, this is the reason Toyota is making a shift toward emerging economies like China. Opportunities: An organisation can have many opportunities such as; mergers and acquisitions, availability of internet through which marketing becomes much easier, a new market segment, advance technology etc. Toyota has an opportunity of advanced technology, a new market segment and the availability of internet. By using advanced technology they produced hybrid cars, they got a new market segment in the name of Youth and they advertise their models on the internet. Threats: Threats can be minor manufacturing defects which can hamper the reputation of a company, price wars with competitors, new innovative product with the rival etc. Toyota has a threat in terms of both manufacturing defects as well as price wars. In 2005, Toyota had to recall a large number of vehicles due to faulty front wheel suspension system. And in USA, Toyota is facing tuff competition with General Motors. Advantages of SWOT analysis: One of the major advantages of SWOT analysis is that it provides a clear view of all the opportunities and issues being faced by an organisation. SWOT analysis also helps an organisation in saving time. SWOT analysis is very easy to perform; any employee with basic understanding can perform it efficiently. Disadvantages of SWOT analysis: SWOT analysis requires further thorough research in order to get a more comprehensive picture. For example, a business must consider the degrees of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Sometimes, an organisation tends to miss the weaknesses after looking at the strengths. A thorough SWOT analysis should also see the opportunities available to a company in relation to strengths and weaknesses. SWOT analysis is an informal method which provides just an overview of the current market situation of a company.

Larry Bird :: essays research papers

This program will be in its 15th annual cycle during Summer 2002 and is designed to attract students to various fields of clinical research. Students also gain valuable experience assessing validity of current clinical practice standards in a discipline. Research methods and data analysis aSTUDENT RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM This program will be in its 15th annual cycle during Summer 2002 and is designed to attract students to various fields of clinical research. Students also gain valuable experience assessing validity of current clinical practice standards in a discipline. Research methods and data analysis are emphasized. Target audience: First and second-year medical students will be eligible for summer fellowships. Some undergraduate pre medical students as well as graduate students will be eligible (depending on availability of funding and mentors). Additionally, one to four positions are reserved for first or second year law students and one to three for advanced degree nursing students. Program components: Student applicants will complete a research fellowship application form. Specific sponsors or preceptors will be identified for qualified students as funding becomes available. Attempts will be made to place a research student in an area of personal interest. Review criteria for selection include strong student academic records, personal achievement and integrity, research skills and experience, and recommendations from scholastic advisors. Sponsors/preceptors will be encouraged to participate in the recruitment of students and will provide students with guidance and workspace during the summer. Students are expected to consider the program as their full-time summer employment. Structured academic training programs and clinical observation beyond the specific project (provided by the mentor(s)) will also be encouraged. Stipend: Each student will receive a stipend of $766.66 per three-week period for a maximum award of $2300 over a nine-week program. Progress milestones: Each student will be requested to attend a series of dinner meetings at three-week intervals. The purpose of these programs is to provide research fellows with additional information on abstract preparation, poster preparation, manuscript preparation, and data analysis. The dinner meetings serve as a forum to present preliminary data and to become acquainted with other students and mentors. Each student will be expected to deliver a brief verbal report at each meeting. At the conclusion of the summer program, a student must prepare a meeting abstract, research poster, and research manuscript evaluated by his/her preceptor in order to receive final stipend payment. If performance evaluation at the conclusion of the program is desired, a written evaluation by each preceptor can be prepared. These evaluation summaries can be forwarded (if a student requests them) to their respective campus academic advisors. Midwest Alliance for Health Education and Indiana University School of Medicine- Fort Wayne Center for Medical Education Larry Bird :: essays research papers This program will be in its 15th annual cycle during Summer 2002 and is designed to attract students to various fields of clinical research. Students also gain valuable experience assessing validity of current clinical practice standards in a discipline. Research methods and data analysis aSTUDENT RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM This program will be in its 15th annual cycle during Summer 2002 and is designed to attract students to various fields of clinical research. Students also gain valuable experience assessing validity of current clinical practice standards in a discipline. Research methods and data analysis are emphasized. Target audience: First and second-year medical students will be eligible for summer fellowships. Some undergraduate pre medical students as well as graduate students will be eligible (depending on availability of funding and mentors). Additionally, one to four positions are reserved for first or second year law students and one to three for advanced degree nursing students. Program components: Student applicants will complete a research fellowship application form. Specific sponsors or preceptors will be identified for qualified students as funding becomes available. Attempts will be made to place a research student in an area of personal interest. Review criteria for selection include strong student academic records, personal achievement and integrity, research skills and experience, and recommendations from scholastic advisors. Sponsors/preceptors will be encouraged to participate in the recruitment of students and will provide students with guidance and workspace during the summer. Students are expected to consider the program as their full-time summer employment. Structured academic training programs and clinical observation beyond the specific project (provided by the mentor(s)) will also be encouraged. Stipend: Each student will receive a stipend of $766.66 per three-week period for a maximum award of $2300 over a nine-week program. Progress milestones: Each student will be requested to attend a series of dinner meetings at three-week intervals. The purpose of these programs is to provide research fellows with additional information on abstract preparation, poster preparation, manuscript preparation, and data analysis. The dinner meetings serve as a forum to present preliminary data and to become acquainted with other students and mentors. Each student will be expected to deliver a brief verbal report at each meeting. At the conclusion of the summer program, a student must prepare a meeting abstract, research poster, and research manuscript evaluated by his/her preceptor in order to receive final stipend payment. If performance evaluation at the conclusion of the program is desired, a written evaluation by each preceptor can be prepared. These evaluation summaries can be forwarded (if a student requests them) to their respective campus academic advisors. Midwest Alliance for Health Education and Indiana University School of Medicine- Fort Wayne Center for Medical Education